Which phenomenon is closely linked to the movement of manufacturing jobs away from traditional urban centers to other regions or abroad?

• A. Urban renewal
• B. Globalization
• C. Deregulation
• D. Deindustrialization

Answer: (D)

Deindustrialization is the decline of manufacturing in traditional urban centers as factories relocate to cheaper regions or countries. This shift happens when firms seek lower labor costs, taxes, or looser regulations, often aided by better transportation and global market access. The result is job losses in old industrial cities and new manufacturing growth elsewhere, which matches the idea of manufacturing jobs moving away from established urban hubs. Urban renewal is about rebuilding cities, deregulation is about changing rules, and globalization is the broader process of connecting economies worldwide—the specific phenomenon described is deindustrialization.